The Dark Queen with Folded Hands, Mangbetu Ewer

The Uele, a river and region of the north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, is the homeland of the Mangbetu and of their neighbours the Azande. The town of Niangara, on the Uele River, was a major centre of figurative pottery in the early twentieth century.

The Mangbetu are a people of the north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, settled along the Uele River after migrating south from the region of present-day Sudan in the nineteenth century. They are remembered above all for their courts: in the second half of the nineteenth century, Mangbetu kings ruled from great reception halls, surrounded by musicians, artisans and wives of high rank.

Art at the Mangbetu court was an instrument of prestige. Rulers commissioned carved harps, ivory horns, knife handles, bark boxes and, from the end of the nineteenth century, ceramic vessels crowned with human heads. Neighbouring peoples, notably the Azande and the Barambo, shared and exchanged these techniques, so that the style we call "Mangbetu" is in truth a regional court style.

The vessels portray one ideal: the elongated head of the Mangbetu elite, crowned by a flaring halo of hair. The heads of infants were gently bound with fine braided cord or raffia; the practice, known as lipombo, marked beauty, distinction and high status, and it was most admired among women of noble families. Women of rank drew their hair up over a frame of cane into a fan or halo that tilted back from the forehead — on the vessels, this coiffure becomes the mouth of the jar.

Scarification, painted patterns and necklaces of beads or cord appear on the clay in fine incised lines, raised dots and applied rings, and red, white and black pigments recall the body paint worn at court.

The figurative vessel was a short-lived and brilliant invention, flourishing from the 1890s to the 1920s and made in smaller numbers until the mid-twentieth century.

At first these vessels belonged to the elite. Chiefs and kings commissioned them for their courts, where they are thought to have held palm wine at receptions and ceremonies. They were also given as diplomatic gifts to visiting dignitaries and colonial officers, reinforcing the reputation of the ruler who offered them.

As European and American visitors reached the Uele, demand grew. Potters began to make vessels for travellers, traders and administrators. In 1914 the mammalogist Herbert Lang, who photographed the court of King Okondo and collected vessels around Niangara, described this production as an "art pottery", a term that captures its double nature: rooted in local tradition, yet shaped by a new and wider audience.

The vessels travelled far, and they remain among the most recognised works of Central African art.